Antidote Information
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.[1] The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against".
The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals' blood. This results in an antivenom that can be used to counteract poison produced by certain species of snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals. A number of venoms lack a viable antivenom, and a bite or sting from an animal producing such a toxin often results in death. Some animal venoms, especially those produced by arthropods (e.g. certain spiders, scorpions, bees, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of epinephrine).
Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison aconitine, a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from various aconite species has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.
Mechanical approaches
Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal, which adsorbs the poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin. Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body. This should not be confused with use of a tourniquet which cuts off blood flow completely - often leading to the loss of the limb.
List of antidotes
| Agent |
Indication |
| Activated charcoal with sorbital |
used for many oral toxins |
| Adenosine |
Theophylline antidote for adenosine poisoning |
| Atropine |
organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, nerve agents, some mushrooms |
| Beta Blocker |
theophylline |
| Calcium chloride |
calcium channel blockers, black widow spider bites |
| Calcium gluconate |
hydrofluoric acid |
| Chelators such as EDTA, dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, succimer) |
heavy metal poisoning |
| Cyanide antidote (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, or thiosulfate) |
cyanide poisoning |
| Cyproheptadine |
serotonin syndrome |
| Deferoxamine mesylate |
Iron poisoning |
| Digoxin Immune Fab antibody (Digibind and Digifab) |
digoxin poisoning |
| Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and benztropine mesylate |
Extrapyramidal reactions associated with antipsychotic |
| Ethanol or fomepizole |
ethylene glycol poisoning and methanol poisoning |
| Flumazenil |
benzodiazepine poisoning |
| Glucagon |
beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning |
| 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) |
carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning |
| Insulin |
beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning |
| Leucovorin |
methotrexate and trimethoprim |
| Methylene blue |
treatment of conditions that cause methemoglobinemia |
| Naloxone hydrochloride |
opioid poisoning |
| N-acetylcysteine |
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning |
| Octreotide |
oral hypoglycemic agents |
| Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) |
organophosphate insecticides, followed after atropine |
| Protamine sulfate |
Heparin poisoning |
| Prussian blue |
Thallium poisoning |
| Physostigmine sulfate |
anticholinergic poisoning |
| Pyridoxine |
Isoniazid poisoning, ethylene glycol |
| Phytomenadione (vitamin K) and fresh frozen plasma |
warfarin poisoning and indanedione |
| Sodium bicarbonate |
ASA, TCAs with a wide QRS |
References
- ^ "antidote" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary .
See also
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Look up antidote in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Pharmacology: major drug groups
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| Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A) |
stomach acid (Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals
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| Blood and blood forming organs (B) |
Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics)
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| Cardiovascular system (C) |
cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants)
Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors)
Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants)
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| Skin (D) |
Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings
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| Genitourinary system (G) |
Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones
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| Endocrine system (H) |
Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents
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| Infections and infestations (J, P, QI) |
Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics, Ectoparasiticides) • IVIG • Vaccines
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| Malignant disease (L01-L02) |
Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors)
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| Immune disease (L03-L04) |
Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants)
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| Muscles, bones, and joints (M) |
Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates
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| Brain and nervous system (N) |
Analgesics • Anesthetics (General, Local) • Anorectics • Anti-ADHD Agents • Antiaddictives • Anticonvulsants • Antidementia Agents • Antidepressants • Antimigraine Agents • Antiparkinson's Agents • Antipsychotics • Anxiolytics • Depressants • Entactogens • Entheogens • Euphoriants • Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Dissociatives, Deliriants) • Hypnotics/Sedatives • Mood Stabilizers • Neuroprotectives • Nootropics • Neurotoxins • Orexigenics • Serenics • Stimulants • Wakefulness-Promoting Agents
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| Respiratory system (R) |
Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H1 antagonists
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| Sensory organs (S) |
Ophthalmologicals • Otologicals
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| Other ATC (V) |
Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings
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Categories:
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