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Corn Oil Information

Corn oil (maize oil) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn contains 1.55 pounds of corn oil (2.8% by weight). Corn agronomists have developed high-oil varieties; however, these varieties tend to show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by growers.

Corn oil is also a feedstock used for biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn oil include soap, salve, paint, rustproofing for metal surfaces, inks, textiles, nitroglycerin, and insecticides. It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

Contents

Production

Almost all corn oil is expeller pressed, then solvent extracted using hexane or isohexane.[1] The solvent is evaporated from the corn oil, recovered, and re-used. After extraction, the corn oil is then refined by degumming and/or alkali treatment, both of which remove phosphatides. Alkali treatment also neutralizes free fatty acids and removes color (bleaching). Final steps in refining include winterization (the removal of waxes), and deodorization by steam distillation of the oil at 232 - 260C (450 - 500F) under a high vacuum.[1]

Some specialty oil producers manufacture unrefined, 100% expeller pressed corn oil. This is a more expensive product since it has a much lower yield than the combination expeller and solvent process, as well as smaller market share.

Constituents and comparison

Vegetable oils
Type Saturated fatty acids[2] Mono- unsaturated fatty acids[2] Polyunsaturated fatty acids Oleic acid (ω-9) Smoke point
Total poly[2] linolenic acid (ω-3) Linoleic acid (ω-6)
Not hydrogenated[3]
Canola 7.365 63.276 28.142 10 22 62 400 °F (204 °C) [4]
Coconut 86.500 5.800 1.800 - 2 6 350 °F (177 °C) [5]
Corn 12.948 27.576 54.677 1 58 28 450 °F (232 °C) [4]
Cottonseed 25.900 17.800 51.900 1 54 19 420 °F (216 °C) [4]
Olive 13.808 72.961 10.523 1 10 71 374 °F (190 °C) [6]
Palm 49.300 37.000 9.300 - 10 40 455 °F (235 °C) [7]
Peanut 16.900 46.200 32.000 - 32 48 437 °F (225 °C) [4]
Safflower (high oleic) 7.541 75.221 12.820 0.096 12.724 74.742 510 °F (266 °C) [4]
Soybean 15.650 22.783 57.740 7 54 24 460 °F (238 °C) [4]
Sunflower (<60%linoleic) 10.100 45.400 40.100 0.200 39.800 45.300 440 °F (227 °C) [4]
Fully hydrogenated
Cottonseed 93.600 1.529 .587 .287[2]
Palm 47.500 40.600 7.500
Soybean 21.100 73.700 .400 .096[2]
Values as weight percent (%) of total fat.

Effects on health

Some medical research suggests that excessive levels of omega-6 fatty acids, relative to omega-3 fatty acids, may increase the probability of a number of diseases and depression.[8][9][10] Modern Western diets typically have ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 in excess of 10 to 1, some as high as 30 to 1, partly due to corn oil which has an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 49:1. The optimal ratio is thought to be 4 to 1 or lower.[11][12]

A high intake of omega-6 fatty acids may increase the likelihood that postmenopausal women will develop breast cancer.[13] Similar effects were observed on prostate cancer.[14] Other analysis suggested an inverse association between total polyunsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b http://www.corn.org/CornOil.pdf
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Nutrient database, Release 24". United States Department of Agriculture. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/. All values in this column are from the USDA Nutrient database unless otherwise cited.
  3. ^ "Fats, Oils, Fatty Acids, Triglycerides". Scientific Psychic (R). http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids1.html. All values for ω-3, ω-6, ω-9 fats (not hydrogenated) are from Scientific Psychic (R) unless otherwise cited.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Wolke, Robert L. (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/15/AR2007051500398.html. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  5. ^ Nutiva, Coconut Oil Manufacturer,http://nutiva.com/the-nutiva-kitchen/coconut-oil-recipes/
  6. ^ The Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-42135-5.
  7. ^ (Italian) Scheda tecnica dell'olio di palma bifrazionato PO 64.
  8. ^ Lands, William E.M. (December 2005). "Dietary fat and health: the evidence and the politics of prevention: careful use of dietary fats can improve life and prevent disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Blackwell) 1055: 179–192. doi:10.1196/annals.1323.028. PMID 16387724.
  9. ^ Hibbeln, Joseph R.; N; B; R; L; Nieminen, Levi R.G.; Blasbalg, Tanya L.; Riggs, Jessica A.; and Lands, William E.M. (June 1, 2006). "Healthy intakes of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (American Society for Nutrition) 83 (6, supplement): 1483S–1493S. PMID 16841858. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/6/S1483.
  10. ^ Okuyama, Hirohmi; Ichikawa, Yuko; Sun, Yueji; Hamazaki, Tomohito; Lands, William E.M. (2007). "ω3 fatty acids effectively prevent coronary heart disease and other late-onset diseases: the excessive linoleic acid syndrome". World Review of Nutritional Dietetics. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics (Karger) 96 (Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease): 83–103. doi:10.1159/000097809. ISBN 3-8055-8179-3. PMID 17167282.
  11. ^ Daley, C.A.; Abbott, A.; Doyle, P.; Nader, G.; and Larson, S. (2004). A literature review of the value-added nutrients found in grass-fed beef products. California State University, Chico (College of Agriculture). http://www.csuchico.edu/agr/grassfedbeef/health-benefits/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  12. ^ Simopoulos, Artemis P. (October 2002). "The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 56 (8): 365–379. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6. PMID 12442909.
  13. ^ Emily Sonestedt, Ulrika Ericson, Bo Gullberg, Kerstin Skog, Håkan Olsson, Elisabet Wirfält (2008). "Do both heterocyclic amines and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women of the Malmö diet and cancer cohort?". The International Journal of Cancer (UICC International Union Against Cancer) 123 (7): 1637–1643. doi:10.1002/ijc.23394. PMID 18636564. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120780752/abstract. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  14. ^ Yong Q. Chen, at al (2007). "Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 (7): 1866–1875. doi:10.1172/JCI31494. PMC 1890998. PMID 17607361. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1890998.
  15. ^ Valeria Pala, Vittorio Krogh, Paola Muti, Véronique Chajès, Elio Riboli, Andrea Micheli, Mitra Saadatian, Sabina Sieri, Franco Berrino (18 July 2001). "Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: a Prospective Italian Study". JNCL 93 (14): 1088–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.14.1088. PMID 11459870. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/14/1088. Retrieved 2008-11-30.

Further reading

External links

Edible fats and oils
Fats
Pork fats
Beef/mutton fats
Dairy fats
Poultry fats
Other animal fats
Vegetable fats
Oils
See also
List of vegetable oils
Cooking oil
Essential oil
Maize (corn)
Varieties Baby · Blue · Field · Flint · MON 810 · MON 863 · Quality Protein Maize · Shoepeg · Sweet · Transgenic maize · Waxy · Bolivia varieties · Ecuador varieties · Italian varieties · Sweetcorn varieties
Parts Cob · Kernels · Stover
Processing Amylomaize · Corn construction · Maize milling · Nixtamalization
Pathology BBCH-scale · Corn allergy · Maize streak virus
Corn-based products
Raw materials Cornmeal · Mielie-meal · Nshima · Oil · Samp · Starch · Syrup
Beverages Atole · Champurrado · Chicha · Colada morada · Steep liquor · Tejuino · Tesgüino
Dishes Bread · Conkies · Cookie · Corn flakes · Corn on the cob · Cou-cou · Fufu · Grits · Hominy · Mazamorra · Mush · Pap · Piki · Polenta · Popcorn · Pudding corn · Sadza · Shawnee cake
Corn syrup Glucose syrup · High-fructose corn syrup (Health effects · Public relations) · High maltose corn syrup
Non-food Biofuel · Cornstalk fiddle

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