Isotype (Immunology) Information
An isotype usually refers to any related proteins/genes from a particular gene family. In immunology, the "immunoglobulin isotype" refers to the genetic variations or differences in the constant regions of the heavy and light chains. In humans, there are nine heavy chain isotypes and two light chain isotypes:
Immunoglobulin class switching can be used to change the class of the heavy chain, but not of the light chain.
Isotypes are distinct forms of light or heavy chains which are present in all members of a species, encoded at distinct genetic loci. Kappa and lambda are isotypes of light chains. Delta (δ), gamma:1 (γ1), etc are isotypes of heavy chains. All isotypes can be readily found in all normal sera.
See Also
External links
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Immunology: Lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement
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Antigens
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Antigen (Superantigen, Allergen) · Hapten
Epitope (Linear, Conformational) · Mimotope
Antigen presentation/Professional APCs: Dendritic cell · Macrophage · B cell
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Antibodies
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Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody, Microantibody) · Polyclonal B cell response · Allotype · Isotype · Idiotype
Immune complex · Paratope
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Immunity vs.
tolerance
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action: Immunity · Autoimmunity · Alloimmunity · Allergy · Hypersensitivity · Inflammation · Cross-reactivity
inaction: Tolerance (Central, Peripheral, Clonal anergy, Clonal deletion, Tolerance in pregnancy) · Immunodeficiency
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Immunogenetics
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Affinity maturation (Somatic hypermutation, Clonal selection) · V(D)J recombination · Junctional diversity · Immunoglobulin class switching · MHC/HLA
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| Lymphocytes |
Cellular (T cell) · Humoral (B cell) · NK cell
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Cytokines · Opsonin · Cytolysin
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| Complement |
Anaphylatoxins
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: LMC
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