hidden pixel

Psilocin Information

Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 4-HO-DMT), an aromatic compound, sometimes also (mis)spelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic (hallucinogenic) mushroom alkaloid. It is found in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin. Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[1] The mind altering effects of psilocin are highly variable and subjective. The effects typically last anywhere from 3 to 8 hours depending on certain variables (such as metabolism, food interaction), however the effects can seem to last much longer due to psilocin's ability to distort the perception of time.

Contents

Chemistry

Psilocin can be obtained by dephosphorylation of natural psilocybin under strongly acidic or under alkaline conditions (hydrolysis). Another synthetic route uses the Speeter-Anthony tryptamine synthesis starting from 4-hydroxyindole.

Psilocin is relatively unstable in solution due to its phenolic hydroxy (-OH) group. In the presence of oxygen it readily forms bluish and dark black degradation products. Similar products are also formed under acidic conditions in the presence of oxygen and Fe3+ ions (Keller's reagent).

Structural analogs

Sulfur analogs are known with a benzothienyl replacement[2] as well as 4-SH-DMT.[3] N1-methylpsilocin is a functionally 5-HT2C receptor preferring agonists.[4] 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethyltryptamine is known.[4] O-Acetylpsilocin is an acetylized analog of psilocin, also known as 4-AcO-DMT. Additionally, substitution of a methyl group at the dimethylated Nitrogen with an isopropyl or ethyl group yields 4-HO-MIPT (4-Hydroxy-N-Methyl-N-Isopropyltryptamine) and 4-HO-MET (4-Hydroxy-N-Methyl-N-Ethyltryptamine), respectively.

Pharmacology

Psilocin is the pharmacologically active agent in the body after ingestion of psilocybin or some species of psychedelic mushrooms.

Psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated in the body to psilocin which acts as a 5HT2A, 5HT2C and 5HT1A agonist. Psilocin is structurally similar to serotonin (5-HT),[5] differing only by the hydroxyl group being on the 4-position rather than the 5 and the dimethyl groups on the nitrogen. Its effects are thought to come from its partial agonist activity at 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex.

Psilocin has no significant effect on dopamine receptors (unlike LSD) and only affects the noradrenergic system at very high dosages.[6]

Psilocin's physiological half-life ranges from 2 to 3 hours.[6]

See psilocybin for more details

Behavioral and non-behavioral effects

Dried psilocybe mushrooms. (Notice the characteristic blue bruising by the stems of the mushrooms.)

Its physiological effects are similar to a sympathetic arousal state. Specific effects observed after ingestion can include but are not limited to tachycardia, dilated pupils, restlessness or arousal, euphoria, open and closed eye visuals (common at medium to high doses), synesthesia (eg. hearing colours and seeing sounds), increased body temperature, headache, sweating and chills, and nausea.[5]

There is virtually no direct lethality associated with psilocin.[5] There is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of this drug is ceased.[5] There is cross tolerance among psilocin, mescaline, and DMT.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Green list"
  2. ^ Chapman (1972) Perkin Trans. 1, 3011
  3. ^ Hofmann, Swiss 421,960 (1967); CA 68:95680n
  4. ^ a b Sard (2005): PMID 16061378
  5. ^ a b c d e Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996.
  6. ^ a b Psilocybin Investigator’s Brochure

External links

Drugs from TiHKAL

AL-LADDBTDETDiPT5-MeO-α-MTDMT2,α-DMTα,N-DMTDPTEiPTα-ETETH-LADHarmalineHarmine4-HO-DBT4-HO-DET4-HO-DiPT4-HO-DMT5-HO-DMT4-HO-DPT4-HO-MET4-HO-MiPT4-HO-MPT4-HO-pyr-TIbogaineLSDMBT4,5-MDO-DiPT5,6-MDO-DiPT4,5-MDO-DMT5,6-MDO-DMT5,6-MDO-MiPT2-Me-DET2-Me-DMTMelatonin5-MeO-DET5-MeO-DiPT5-MeO-DMT4-MeO-MiPT5-MeO-MiPT5,6-MeO-MiPT5-MeO-NMT5-MeO-pyr-T6-MeO-THH5-MeO-TMT5-MeS-DMTMiPTα-MTNETNMTPRO-LADpyr-TTryptamineTetrahydroharmineα,N,O-TMS

Serotonergics
5-HT1 receptor ligands
5-HT1A Agonists: Azapirones: AlnespironeBinospironeBuspironeEnilospironeEptapironeGepironeIpsapironePerospironeRevospironeTandospironeTiospironeUmespironeZalospirone; Antidepressants: EtoperidoneNefazodoneTrazodoneVortioxetine; Antipsychotics: AripiprazoleAsenapineClozapineQuetiapineZiprasidone; Ergolines: DihydroergotamineErgotamineLisurideMethysergideLSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MeO-DMT5-MTBufoteninDMTIndorenatePsilocinPsilocybin; Others: 8-OH-DPATAdatanserinBay R 1531BefiradolBMY-14802CannabidiolDimemebfeEbalzotanEltoprazine • F-11,461 • F-12,826 • F-13,714 • F-14,679 • F-15,063 • F-15,599FlesinoxanFlibanserinLesopitronLY-293,284 • LY-301,317 • MKC-242NBUMPOsemozotanOxaflozanePardoprunoxPiclozotanRauwolscineRepinotanRoxindoleRU-24,969 • S 14,506 • S-14,671S-15,535Sarizotan • SSR-181,507 • SunepitronU-92,016-AUrapidilVilazodoneXaliprodenYohimbine Antagonists: Antipsychotics: IloperidoneRisperidoneSertindole; Beta blockers: AlprenololCyanopindololIodocyanopindololOxprenolol • Pindobind • PindololPropranololTertatolol; Others: AV965 • BMY-7,378CSP-2503DotarizineFlopropione • GR-46611 • IsamoltaneLecozotanMefwayMetitepine/MethiothepinMPPFNAN-190PRX-00023RobalzotanS-15535SB-649,915 • SDZ 216-525 • SpiperoneSpiramideSpiroxatrineUH-301WAY-100,135WAY-100,635Xylamidine
5-HT1B Agonists: Lysergamides: DihydroergotamineErgotamineMethysergide; Piperazines: EltoprazineTFMPP; Triptans: AvitriptanEletriptanSumatriptanZolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MT; Others: CGS-12066ACP-93,129CP-94,253CP-135,807RU-24,969Vortioxetine Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: AR-A000002ElzasonanGR-127,935IsamoltaneMetitepine/MethiothepinSB-216,641 • SB-224,289 • SB-236,057 • Yohimbine
5-HT1D Agonists: Lysergamides: DihydroergotamineMethysergide; Triptans: AlmotriptanAvitriptanEletriptanFrovatriptanNaratriptanRizatriptanSumatriptanZolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-Ethyl-DMT5-MT5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine; Others: CP-135,807 • CP-286,601 • GR-46611 • L-694,247 • L-772,405 • PNU-109,291 • PNU-142,633 Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: AlniditanBRL-15,572ElzasonanGR-127,935KetanserinLY-310,762 • LY-367,642 • LY-456,219 • LY-456,220 • Metitepine/MethiothepinRitanserinYohimbineZiprasidone
5-HT1E Agonists: Lysergamides: Methysergide; Triptans: Eletriptan; Tryptamines: BRL-54443Tryptamine Antagonists: Metitepine/Methiothepin
5-HT1F Agonists: Triptans: EletriptanNaratriptanSumatriptan; Tryptamines: 5-MT; Others: BRL-54443LasmiditanLY-334,370 Antagonists: Metitepine/Methiothepin
5-HT2 receptor ligands
5-HT2A Agonists: Lysergamides: ALD-52ErgometrineLisurideLA-SS-AzLSDLSD-PipLysergic acid 2-butyl amideLysergic acid 3-pentyl amideMethysergide; Phenethylamines: 25I-NBF25I-NBMD25I-NBOH25I-NBOMe2C-B2C-B-FLY2CB-Ind2C-C-NBOMe2C-E2C-I2C-TFM-NBOMe2C-T-22C-T-72C-T-212CBCB-NBOMe2CBFly-NBOMeBromo-DragonFLYDOBDOCDOIDOMMDAMDMAMescalineTCB-2TFMFly; Piperazines: BZPQuipazineTFMPP; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MeO-α-ET5-MeO-α-MT5-MeO-DET5-MeO-DiPT5-MeO-DMT5-MeO-DPT5-MTα-ETα-Methyl-5-HTα-MTBufoteninDETDiPTDMTDPTPsilocinPsilocybin; Others: AL-34662AL-37350ADimemebfeMedifoxamineOxaflozanePNU-22394RH-34 Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics: AmperozideAripiprazoleCarpipramineClocapramineClorotepineClozapineGevotrolineIloperidoneMelperoneMosapramineOlanzapinePaliperidonePimozideQuetiapineRisperidoneSertindoleZiprasidoneZotepine; Typical antipsychotics: LoxapinePipamperone; Antidepressants: AmitriptylineAmoxapineAptazapineEtoperidoneMianserinMirtazapineNefazodoneTeniloxazineTrazodone; Others: 5-I-R911505-MeO-NBpBrT • AC-90179 • AdatanserinAltanserinAMDA • APD-215 • BlonanserinCinanserinCSP-2503CyproheptadineDeramciclaneDotarizineEplivanserinEsmirtazapineFananserinFlibanserinKetanserinKML-010LubazodoneMepiprazoleMetitepine/MethiothepinNanteninePimavanserinPizotifenPruvanserinRauwolscineRitanserinS-14,671SarpogrelateSetoperoneSpiperoneSpiramide • SR-46349B • VolinanserinXylamidineYohimbine
5-HT2B Agonists: Oxazolines: 4-MethylaminorexAminorex; Phenethylamines: ChlorphentermineCloforexDOBDOCDOIDOMFenfluramineMDAMDMANorfenfluramine; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MTα-Methyl-5-HT; Others: BW-723C86CabergolinemCPPPergolidePNU-22394Ro60-0175 Antagonists: AgomelatineAsenapine • EGIS-7625 • KetanserinLisurideLY-272,015Metitepine/MethiothepinPRX-08066RauwolscineRitanserinRS-127,445Sarpogrelate • SB-200,646 • SB-204,741SB-206,553SB-215,505 • SB-221,284 • SB-228,357 • SDZ SER-082TegaserodYohimbine
5-HT2C Agonists: Phenethylamines: 2C-B2C-E2C-I2C-T-22C-T-72C-T-21DOBDOCDOIDOMMDAMDMAMescaline; Piperazines: AripiprazolemCPPTFMPP; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MeO-α-ET5-MeO-α-MT5-MeO-DET5-MeO-DiPT5-MeO-DMT5-MeO-DPT5-MTα-ETα-Methyl-5-HTα-MTBufoteninDETDiPTDMTDPTPsilocinPsilocybin; Others: A-372,159AL-38022ACP-809,101DimemebfeLorcaserinMedifoxamine • MK-212 • Org 12,962ORG-37,684OxaflozanePNU-22394Ro60-0175Ro60-0213Vabicaserin • WAY-629 • WAY-161,503YM-348 Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics: ClorotepineClozapineIloperidoneMelperoneOlanzapinePaliperidonePimozideQuetiapineRisperidoneSertindoleZiprasidoneZotepine; Typical antipsychotics: ChlorpromazineLoxapinePipamperone; Antidepressants: AgomelatineAmitriptylineAmoxapineAptazapineEtoperidoneFluoxetineMianserinMirtazapineNefazodoneNortriptylineTedatioxetineTrazodone; Others: AdatanserinCinanserinCyproheptadineDeramciclaneDotarizineEltoprazineEsmirtazapine • FR-260,010 • KetanserinKetotifenLatrepirdineMetitepine/MethiothepinMethysergidePizotifenRitanserinRS-102,221S-14,671 • SB-200,646 • SB-206,553 • SB-221,284 • SB-228,357 • SB-242,084 • SB-243,213 • SDZ SER-082Xylamidine
5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, 5-HT7 ligands
5-HT3 Agonists: Piperazines: BZPQuipazine; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT5-CT; Others: ChlorophenylbiguanideButanolEthanolHalothaneIsofluraneRS-56812 • SR-57,227 • SR-57,227-A • TolueneTrichloroethaneTrichloroethanolTrichloroethylene • YM-31636 Antagonists: Antiemetics: AS-8112AlosetronAzasetronBatanoprideBemesetronCilansetronDazoprideDolasetronGranisetronLerisetronOndansetronPalonosetronRamosetronRenzaprideTropisetronZacoprideZatosetron; Atypical antipsychotics: ClozapineOlanzapineQuetiapine; Tetracyclic antidepressants: AmoxapineMianserinMirtazapine; Others: CSP-2503 • ICS-205,930 • MDL-72,222 • MemantineNitrous OxideRicasetronSevofluraneTedatioxetineThujoneVortioxetineXenon
5-HT4 Agonists: Gastroprokinetic Agents: CinitaprideCisaprideDazoprideMetoclopramideMosapridePrucaloprideRenzaprideTegaserodVelusetragZacopride; Others: 5-MTBIMU8CJ-033,466PRX-03140RS-67333 • RS-67506 • SL65.0155Antagonists: GR-113,808 • GR-125,487 • L-LysinePiboserod • RS-39604 • RS-67532 • SB-203,186 • SB-204,070
5-HT5A Agonists: Lysergamides: ErgotamineLSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT; Others: Valerenic Acid Antagonists: AsenapineLatrepirdineMetitepine/MethiothepinRitanserinSB-699,551 * Note that the 5-HT5B receptor is not functional in humans.
5-HT6 Agonists: Lysergamides: DihydroergotamineErgotamineLisurideLSDMesulergineMetergolineMethysergide; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT5-BT5-CT5-MTBufotenin • E-6801 • E-6837 • EMD-386,088EMDT • LY-586,713 • N-Methyl-5-HT • Tryptamine; Others: WAY-181,187WAY-208,466 Antagonists: Antidepressants: AmitriptylineAmoxapineClomipramineDoxepinMianserinNortriptyline; Atypical antipsychotics: AripiprazoleAsenapineClorotepineClozapineFluperlapineIloperidoneOlanzapineTiospirone; Typical antipsychotics: ChlorpromazineLoxapine; Others: BGC20-760 • BVT-5182 • BVT-74316 • CerlapirdineEGIS-12,233 • GW-742,457 • KetanserinLatrepirdineLu AE58054Metitepine/MethiothepinMS-245PRX-07034RitanserinRo04-6790 • Ro 63-0563 • SB-258,585SB-271,046SB-357,134SB-399,885SB-742,457
5-HT7 Agonists: Lysergamides: LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT5-MTBufotenin; Others: 8-OH-DPATAS-19BifeprunoxE-55888LP-12LP-44RU-24,969Sarizotan Antagonists: Lysergamides: 2-Bromo-LSDBromocriptineDihydroergotamineErgotamineMesulergineMetergolineMethysergide; Antidepressants: AmitriptylineAmoxapineClomipramineImipramineMaprotilineMianserin; Atypical antipsychotics: AmisulprideAripiprazoleClorotepineClozapineOlanzapineRisperidoneSertindoleTiospironeZiprasidoneZotepine; Typical antipsychotics: ChlorpromazineLoxapine; Others: ButaclamolEGIS-12,233Ketanserin • LY-215,840 • Metitepine/MethiothepinPimozideRitanserinSB-258,719 • SB-258,741 • SB-269,970 • SB-656,104 • SB-656,104-A • SB-691,673 • SLV-313 • SLV-314 • Spiperone • SSR-181,507 • Vortioxetine
Reuptake inhibitors
SERT Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): AlaproclateCitalopramDapoxetineDesmethylcitalopramDesmethylsertralineEscitalopramFemoxetineFluoxetineFluvoxamineIndalpineIfoxetineLitoxetineLubazodonePanuramineParoxetinePirandamineRTI-353SeproxetineSertralineTedatioxetineVilazodoneVortioxetineZimelidine; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): BicifadineDesvenlafaxineDuloxetineEclanamineLevomilnacipranMilnacipranSibutramineVenlafaxine; Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs): BrasofensineDiclofensineDOV-102,677DOV-21,947DOV-216,303NS-2359SEP-225289SEP-227,162Tesofensine; Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): AmitriptylineButriptylineCianopramineClomipramineDesipramineDosulepinDoxepinImipramineLofepramineNortriptylinePipofezineProtriptylineTrimipramine; Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs): Amoxapine; Piperazines: NefazodoneTrazodone; Antihistamines: BrompheniramineChlorphenamineDiphenhydramineMepyramine/PyrilaminePheniramineTripelennamine; Opioids: PethidineMethadonePropoxyphene; Others: CocaineCP-39,332CyclobenzaprineDextromethorphanDextrorphanEXP-561FezolamineMesembrineNefopamPIM-35PridefineRoxindoleSB-649,915Ziprasidone
VMAT IbogaineReserpineTetrabenazine
Releasing agents
Aminoindanes: 5-IAIAMMIETAIMDAIMDMAIMMAITAI; Aminotetralins: 6-CAT8-OH-DPATMDATMDMAT; Oxazolines: 4-MethylaminorexAminorexClominorexFluminorex; Phenethylamines (also Amphetamines, Cathinones, Phentermines, etc): 2-Methyl-MDA4-CAB4-FA4-FMA4-HA4-MTA5-APDB5-Methyl-MDA6-APDB6-Methyl-MDA • AEMMA • AmiflamineBDBBOHBrephedroneButyloneChlorphentermineCloforexAmfepramoneMetamfepramoneDCADFMDADMADMMAEBDBEDMAEthyloneEtolorexFenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine) • FlephedroneIAPIMPLophophineMBDBMDAMDEAMDHMAMDMAMDMPEAMDOHMDPEAMephedroneMethedroneMethyloneMMAMMDAMMDMA • MMMA • NAPNorfenfluramine • 4-TFMA • pBApCApIAPMAPMEAPMMATAP; Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP • 2-BZP • 3-MeOPP • BZP • DCPP • MBZPmCPPMDBZPMeOPPMepiprazolepCPPpFPPpTFMPPTFMPP; Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET4-Methyl-αMT5-CT5-MeO-αET5-MeO-αMT5-MTαETαMTDMTTryptamine (itself); Others: IndeloxazineTramadolViqualine
Enzyme inhibitors
Anabolism
TPH AGN-2979Fenclonine
AAAD BenserazideCarbidopaGenisteinMethyldopa
Catabolism
MAO Nonselective: BenmoxinCaroxazoneEchinopsidineFurazolidoneHydralazineIndantadolIproclozideIproniazidIsocarboxazidIsoniazidLinezolidMebanazineMetfendrazineNialamideOctamoxinParaxazonePhenelzinePheniprazinePhenoxypropazinePivalylbenzhydrazineProcarbazineSafrazineTranylcypromine; MAO-A Selective: AmiflamineBazinaprineBefloxatoneBefolBrofaromineCimoxatoneClorgilineEsuproneHarmala alkaloids (Harmine, Harmaline, Tetrahydroharmine, Harman, Norharman, etc) • Methylene BlueMetralindoleMinaprineMoclobemidePirlindoleSercloremineTetrindoleToloxatoneTyrima
Others
Precursors L-Tryptophan5-HTP
Cofactors Ferrous iron (Fe2+) • Magnesium (Mg2+) • TetrahydrobiopterinVitamin B3 (Niacin, NicotinamideNADPH) • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine, PyridoxalPyridoxal phosphate) • Vitamin B9 (Folic AcidTetrahydrofolic acid) • Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) • Zinc (Zn2+)
Others Activity enhancers: BPAPPPAP; Reuptake enhancers: Tianeptine
Tryptamines

2-Methyl-5-HT4-Acetoxy-DET4-Acetoxy-DiPT4-Acetoxy-DMT4-Acetoxy-MiPT4-AcO-MET4-HO-αMT4-HO-DiPT4-HO-MET4-MeO-DMT4-Methyl-αET4-Methyl-αMT4,5-DHP-DMT4,5-MDO-DMT • 4,5-MDO-DIPT • 5-Benzyloxytryptamine5-Bromo-DMT5-Carboxamidotryptamine • 5-Ethoxy-αMT • 5-Fluoro-αMT5-HO-αMT5-HTP5-Ethoxy-DMT5-Ethyl-DMT5-Fluoro-DMT5-Methyl-DMT5-Methoxytryptamine5-MeO-7,N,N-TMT • 5-Methyl-αET • 5-MeO-αET5-MeO-αMT5-MeO-DALT5-MeO-DET5-MeO-DiPT5-MeO-DMT5-MeO-DPT • 5-MeO-MALT • 5-MeO-MiPT5-MeO-NBpBrT5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine • 6-Fluoro-αMT • 7-Methyl-αET7-Methyl-DMTαETαMTAeruginascinAL-37350ABW-723C86BaeocystinBufotenidineBufoteninDALTDesformylflustrabromineDETDiPTDMTDPTEthocybinEiPTEMDT • EPT • EthocinFGIN-127FGIN-143IbogaineIndorenateIprocinMETMiPTMPTMiprocinMelatoninMS-245NASNMTNorbaeocystinNormelatoninOxypertinePiPTPsilocinPsilocybinRizatriptanSerotoninSumatriptanTryptamineTryptophanYohimbineYuremamineZolmitriptan

Categories:

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Sat Dec 24 06:33:53 2011.
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.